O conceito de atraso não se encontra expressamente previsto em nenhum instrumento. A inexistência de definição de um conceito de atraso nos diplomas europeus ou nacionais contribui para a dificuldade de aplicação dos mesmos.
O atraso corresponde a uma violação da pontualidade, a um desrespeito do horário inicialmente contratado entre as partes, verificando-se apenas na ocorrência de um desencontro entre a hora de chegada real e a hora prevista no contrato.
“O setor aéreo comercial encontra-se em franca expansão, com novidades tecnológicas e novas rotas, a par da segurança e celeridade, a fomentarem a escolha deste meio de transporte pelos consumidores. O Direito tem um papel primordial para o controlo do mercado da aviação aérea, competindo-lhe resolver todas as questões relacionadas com o dito transporte e com o contrato de transporte.
Nessa medida, os Estados ratificaram a Convenção de Varsóvia e, posteriormente, a Convenção de Montreal a fim de regular a responsabilidade do transportador aéreo e, consequentemente, proteger os interesses dos passageiros.
A nível comunitário, a União Europeia criou o Regulamento (CE) n.º 261/2004 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 11 de fevereiro de 2004 com enfoque para a assistência e direitos dos passageiros. A combinação destes instrumentos é a fórmula para a concretização da responsabilização civil do transportador aéreo quando incumprido o contrato de transporte. Serão estes os diplomas a base do presente estudo para a análise do regime de responsabilidade civil do transportador aéreo em caso de recusa de embarque e de atraso dos voos.”
Direito Aéreo: Responsabilidade civil do Transportador Aéreo em caso de Atraso e Overbooking
CODA
Edição anual dos atrasos e cancelamentos para o transporte aéreo na Europa -2021
https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/all-causes-delay-and-cancellations-air-transport-europe-2021
Serviços da assistência em escala
Desembarque
Embarque
O atraso na aviação comercial não se encontra expressamente previsto em nenhum instrumento regulador
Ver DIREITOS DOS PASSAGEIROS
Serviços
Descarregamento unload aircraft
Carregamento load aircraft,
Limpeza da aeronave perform aircraft cleaning
Agua potável aircraft water
Despejos lavatory systems
Reboque da aeronave Push back
Na fase de planeamento operacional do ground handling a gestão dos recursos é baseada nos horários divulgados (movimentos das companhias aéreas) na ocorrência de um desvio, quer seja atraso ou antecipação na chegada ou atraso na partida, pode evidenciar-se a indisponibilidade de recursos, na medida em que a sua necessidade não era visível na fase de planeamento.
A empresa de assistência em escala (ground handling) pode não ter recursos disponíveis para novos e imprevistos horários, pondo em causa uma eficiente e segura assistência.
FlightAware.com live flight delay and cancellation statistics
FlightAware.com
Official Aviation Guide, fornecedor líder de informações e análises digitais de voos para aeroportos, companhias aéreas e empresas de tecnologia de viagens.
Official Aviation Guide
Os horários programados de chegada ou partida estão sujeitos a uma série de imprevistos
avaria das aeronaves
condições atmosféricas adversas
– Vento
– Ventos fortes cruzados
– Chuva
– Intempérie
– LVO – Low visibility operations
problemas com a tripulação
A Swissport, empresa de Ground Handling, implementa ferramenta de previsão dinâmica de atraso de voo.
O algoritmo desenvolvido pela Finnish IT company Bluugo, aumenta a eficiência no desempenho da assistência em terra, detetando problemas que podem causar atrasos muito antes de uma aeronave descolar.
Fluxos de dados para aumentar a precisão
– tempo estimado de chegada (ETA, estimated time arrival)
– alocação de pessoal e equipamentos
– atrasos em turnaround
– atrasos na partida
Códigos de atrasos IATA Delay Codes
Standard IATA Delay Codes (AHM730)
00-05 AIRLINE INTERNAL CODES
06 (OA) NO GATE/STAND AVAILABILITY DUE TO OWN AIRLINE ACTIVITY
09 (SG) SCHEDULED GROUND TIME LESS THAN DECLARED MINIMUM GROUND TIME
11 (PD) LATE CHECK-IN, acceptance after deadline
12 (PL) LATE CHECK-IN, congestions in check-in area
13 (PE) CHECK-IN ERROR, passenger and baggage
14 (PO) OVERSALES, booking errors
15 (PH) BOARDING, discrepancies and paging, missing checked-in passenger
16 (PS) COMMERCIAL PUBLICITY/PASSENGER CONVENIENCE, VIP, press, ground meals and missing personal items
17 (PC) CATERING ORDER, late or incorrect order given to supplier
18 (PB) BAGGAGE PROCESSING, sorting etc.
19 (PW) REDUCED MOBILITY, boarding / deboarding of passengers with reduced mobility.
21 (CD) DOCUMENTATION, errors etc.
22 (CP) LATE POSITIONING
23 (CC) LATE ACCEPTANCE
24 (CI) INADEQUATE PACKING
25 (CO) OVERSALES, booking errors
26 (CU) LATE PREPARATION IN WAREHOUSE
27 (CE) DOCUMENTATION, PACKING etc (Mail Only)
28 (CL) LATE POSITIONING (Mail Only)
29 (CA) LATE ACCEPTANCE (Mail Only)
31 (GD) AIRCRAFT DOCUMENTATION LATE/INACCURATE, weight and balance, general declaration, pax manifest, etc.
32 (GL) LOADING/UNLOADING, bulky, special load, cabin load, lack of loading staff
33 (GE) LOADING EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, e.g. container pallet loader, lack of staff
34 (GS) SERVICING EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. steps
35 (GC) AIRCRAFT CLEANING
36 (GF) FUELLING/DEFUELLING, fuel supplier
37 (GB) CATERING, late delivery or loading
38 (GU) ULD, lack of or serviceability
39 (GT) TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. pushback
41 (TD) AIRCRAFT DEFECTS.
42 (TM) SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE, late release.
43 (TN) NON-SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE, special checks and/or additional works beyond normal maintenance schedule.
44 (TS) SPARES AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown.
45 (TA) AOG SPARES, to be carried to another station.
46 (TC) AIRCRAFT CHANGE, for technical reasons.
47 (TL) STAND-BY AIRCRAFT, lack of planned stand-by aircraft for technical reasons.
48 (TV) SCHEDULED CABIN CONFIGURATION/VERSION ADJUSTMENTS.
51 (DF) DAMAGE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS, bird or lightning strike, turbulence, heavy or overweight landing, collision during taxiing
52 (DG) DAMAGE DURING GROUND OPERATIONS, collisions (other than during taxiing), loading/off-loading damage, contamination, towing, extreme weather conditions
55 (ED) DEPARTURE CONTROL
56 (EC) CARGO PREPARATION/DOCUMENTATION
57 (EF) FLIGHT PLANS
58 (EO) OTHER AUTOMATED SYSTEM Digest – Delays to Air Transport in Europe
61 (FP) FLIGHT PLAN, late completion or change of, flight documentation
62 (FF) OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS, fuel, load alteration
63 (FT) LATE CREW BOARDING OR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES, other than connection and standby (flight deck or entire crew)
64 (FS) FLIGHT DECK CREW SHORTAGE, sickness, awaiting standby, flight time limitations, crew meals, valid visa, health documents, etc.
65 (FR) FLIGHT DECK CREW SPECIAL REQUEST, not within operational requirements
66 (FL) LATE CABIN CREW BOARDING OR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES, other than connection and standby
67 (FC) CABIN CREW SHORTAGE, sickness, awaiting standby, flight time limitations, crew meals, valid visa, health documents, etc.
68 (FA) CABIN CREW ERROR OR SPECIAL REQUEST, not within operational requirements
69 (FB) CAPTAIN REQUEST FOR SECURITY CHECK, extraordinary
71 (WO) DEPARTURE STATION
72 (WT) DESTINATION STATION
73 (WR) EN ROUTE OR ALTERNATE
75 (WI) DE-ICING OF AIRCRAFT, removal of ice and/or snow, frost prevention excluding unserviceability of equipment
76 (WS) REMOVAL OF SNOW, ICE, WATER AND SAND FROM AIRPORT
77 (WG) GROUND HANDLING IMPAIRED BY ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
AIR TRAFFIC FLOW MANAGEMENT RESTRICTIONS
81 (AT) ATFM due to ATC EN-ROUTE DEMAND/CAPACITY, standard demand/capacity problems
82 (AX) ATFM due to ATC STAFF/EQUIPMENT EN-ROUTE, reduced capacity caused by industrial action or staff shortage, equipment failure, military exercise or extraordinary demand due to capacity reduction in neighbouring area
83 (AE) ATFM due to RESTRICTION AT DESTINATION AIRPORT, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights
84 (AW) ATFM due to WEATHER AT DESTINATION
AIRPORT AND GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES
85 (AS) MANDATORY SECURITY
86 (AG) IMMIGRATION, CUSTOMS, HEALTH
87 (AF) AIRPORT FACILITIES, parking stands, ramp congestion, lighting, buildings, gate limitations, etc.
88 (AD) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DESTINATION, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights
89 (AM) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE WITH OR WITHOUT ATFM RESTRICTIONS, including Air Traffic Services, start-up and pushback, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction or weather1, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights
91 (RL) LOAD CONNECTION, awaiting load from another flight
92 (RT) THROUGH CHECK-IN ERROR, passenger and baggage
93 (RA) AIRCRAFT ROTATION, late arrival of aircraft from another flight or previous sector
94 (RS) CABIN CREW ROTATION, awaiting cabin crew from another flight
95 (RC) CREW ROTATION, awaiting crew from another flight (flight deck or entire crew)
96 (RO) OPERATIONS CONTROL, re-routing, diversion, consolidation, aircraft change for reasons other than technical
97 (MI) INDUSTRIAL ACTION WITH OWN AIRLINE
98 (MO) INDUSTRIAL ACTION OUTSIDE OWN AIRLINE, excluding ATS
99 (MX) OTHER REASON, not matching any code above
Standard IATA Delay Sub-Codes (AHM731)
73 (WR) WEATHER: EN ROUTE OR ALTERNATE
Z OUTSIDE AIRCRAFT LIMITS
Y OUTSIDE CREW LIMITS
X ETOPS
81 (AT) ATFM DUE TO ATC EN-ROUTE DEMAND/CAPACITY, standard demand/capacity problems
Z ATC ROUTEINGS
Y HIGH DEMAND OR CAPACITY
82 (AX) ATFM DUE TO ATC STAFF/EQUIPMENT EN-ROUTE, reduced capacity caused by industrial action or shortage or equipment failure, extraordinary demand due to capacity reduction in neighbouring area
Z INDUSTRIAL ACTION
Y EQUIPMENT FAILURE
X STAFF SHORTAGE
W MILITARY ACTIVITY
V SPECIAL EVENT
83 (AE) ATFM DUE TO RESTRICTION AT DESTINATION AIRPORT, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights
Z HIGH DEMAND / ATC CAPACITY
Y INDUSTRIAL ACTION
X EQUIPMENT FAILURE
W STAFF SHORTAGE
V ACCIDENT / INCIDENT
U MILITARY ACTIVITY
T SPECIAL EVENT
S NOISE ABATEMENT/NIGHT CURFEW
R OTHER
87 (AF) AIRPORT FACILITIES, parking stands, ramp congestion, lighting, buildings, gate limitations, etc.
Z LACK OF PARKING STANDS
Y RAMP CONGESTION
X LIGHTING OR BUILDINGS
W GATE LIMITATION / NO GATE AVAILABLE
V BAGGAGE SORTING SYSTEM DOWN / SLOW
U NO PUSH BACK CLEARANCE DUE TO INFRASTRUCTURE
T JET BRIDGE INOPERATIVE
S LACK OF CHECK IN COUNTERS
R ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE
P PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEM FAILURE
N PUBLIC ADDRESS/FLIGHT INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM FAILURE
M INSUFFICIENT FIRE COVER
L GROUND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FAILURE
K NO PUSH BACK CLEARANCE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
J BREAKDOWN OF AIRPORT FUELLING SYSTEM
H LATE OR LACK OF FOLLOW ME FOR PUSH-BACK
G ANY OF THE ABOVE AT THE DESTINATION AIRPORT
89 (AM) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE WITH OR WITHOUT ATFM RESTRICTIONS, including Air Traffic Services, start-up and pushback, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction or weather.
Z ATC CAPACITY
Y ATC INDUSTRIAL ACTION
X ATC STAFFING
W ATC EQUIPMENT
V ATC ACCIDENT/INCIDENT
U ATC DUE TO DE-ICING
T ATC SPECIAL EVENT
S ATC WEATHER
R ATC RESTRICTIONS DUE TO CURFEW
P ATC POLITICAL UNREST
N ATC ENVIRONMENTAL
M AIRPORT CLOSURE
L RUNWAY CLOSURE
K START-UP/PUSHBACK CLEARENCE DELAY (LOCAL ATC)
J LOST FLIGHT PLAN BY ATC
H CONSTRUCTION WORK/MAINTENENCE
G OTHER
93 (RA) AIRCRAFT ROTATION, late arrival of aircraft from another flight
Z LATE ARRIVAL DUE DEPARTURE DELAY AT PREVIOUS STATION
Y LATE ARRIVAL DUE ENROUTE DELAY
X LATE ARRIVAL DUE DELAY AFTER LANDING
W LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO HIGH DEMAND FOR DESTINATION STATION
V LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO WEATHER AT DESTINATION
U LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS
